[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/moderni-filozofie-19-stoleti\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/moderni-filozofie-19-stoleti\/","headline":"Modern\u00ed filozofie 19. stolet\u00ed","name":"Modern\u00ed filozofie 19. stolet\u00ed","description":"\u00davod Rostouc\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly a s\u00edl\u00edc\u00ed \u201erevolu\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1lady\u201c (viz roky 1848-49) za\u010daly v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed v\u00a0hluku Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 revoluce utla\u010dovat.","datePublished":"2021-09-13","dateModified":"2023-04-29","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/16435f0a6c9262449b9ebb39f63178cd65c54b09f931b6f84682f48086e3d763?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/16435f0a6c9262449b9ebb39f63178cd65c54b09f931b6f84682f48086e3d763?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"peril.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/books-2606859_960_720.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/books-2606859_960_720.jpg","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/moderni-filozofie-19-stoleti\/","about":["Spole\u010dnost"],"wordCount":391,"articleBody":"\u00davod Rostouc\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly a s\u00edl\u00edc\u00ed \u201erevolu\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1lady\u201c (viz roky 1848-49) za\u010daly v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed v\u00a0hluku Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 revoluce utla\u010dovat tradi\u010dn\u00ed obecn\u00e9 ideje (tj. jak\u00e1si v\u00edra v\u00a0Boha a panovn\u00edka)i v\u00edru v\u00a0pokrok. Vznik\u00e1 a\u017e odpor v\u016f\u010di \u201esyst\u00e9movosti\u201c a rozumu v\u016fbec, v\u00fdsledkem jsou 2 protikladn\u00e9 proudy modern\u00ed filozofie: 1. filozofie s\u00a0d\u016frazem na v\u011bdeckost 2. iracionalismus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0N\u011bmeck\u00fd materialismus \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edstavitelem je \u017eurnalista a tv\u016frce teorie komunismu Karl Marx. Ten p\u0159istupuje ke sv\u011btu ryze materialisticky – n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ozna\u010d\u00ed za \u201eopium lidstva\u201c, odm\u00edt\u00e1 posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, prosazuje spole\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, a za hybnou s\u00edlu d\u011bjin ozna\u010duje t\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed boj vyko\u0159is\u0165ovan\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy proti vyko\u0159is\u0165ovatel\u016fm (v Marxov\u011b dob\u011b je to \u201eboj proletari\u00e1tu proti kapitalist\u016fm\u201c). Na marxismus navazuj\u00ed 2 sm\u011bry: komunismus – zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed Marxov\u00fdch my\u0161lenek se snahou uveden\u00ed teorie do praxe socialismus \u2013 z\u00e1klad pro politick\u00e9 strany soci\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e9 a socialistick\u00e9 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Pozitivismus Zakladatelem tohoto sm\u011bru je francouzsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdec August Comte (kter\u00fd je mimochodem i zakladatelem modern\u00ed sociologie). Pozitivismus je osv\u00edcensk\u00fd filozoficko-v\u011bdeck\u00fd sm\u011br maj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1klad v\u00a0pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho z\u00a0dan\u00fdch definic, skute\u010dnost\u00ed, ov\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch fakt\u016f\u2026\u00a0\u00a0IracionalismusTento samostatn\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00ed idealistick\u00fd sm\u011br odm\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed mo\u017enost rozumov\u00e9ho vysv\u011btlen\u00ed sv\u011btam\u00e1 2 hlavn\u00ed p\u0159edstavitele \u2013 Schopenhauera a Nietscheho. \u00a0N\u011bmeck\u00fd filozof Artur Schopenhauer fascinovan\u00fd staroindickou kulturou definuje jako hlavn\u00edho hybatele sv\u011bta lidskou v\u016fli a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed ozna\u010dil za \u201epouhou do\u010dasnou absenci permanenty bolesti\u201c. Proslavil tak\u00e9 pesimismus, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kter\u00e9ho ozna\u010dil chudobu za \u201emetlu lidstva\u201c a osam\u011bn\u00ed bral jako nevyhnuteln\u00fd \u00fad\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka. \u00a0N\u011bmeck\u00fd jazykov\u011bdec, b\u00e1sn\u00edk a filozof Friedrich Nietsche coby 1. modern\u00ed filozof ve\u0159ejn\u011b \u201ep\u0159iznal\u201c, \u017ee spole\u010dnost se d\u011bl\u00ed na otrockou v\u011bt\u0161inu a silnou men\u0161inu dr\u017e\u00edc\u00ed moc. A i v\u00a0\u0159ad\u00e1ch laick\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti je dodnes slavn\u00fd cit\u00e1tem \u201eB\u016fh je mrtev\u201c \u2013 Nietsche tvrdil, \u017ee lid nen\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm veden k\u00a0ni\u010demu lep\u0161\u00edmu a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed tedy selhalo a je evidentn\u011b zbyte\u010dn\u00e9. \u00a0\u00a0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Modern\u00ed filozofie 19. stolet\u00ed","item":"https:\/\/www.peril.cz\/moderni-filozofie-19-stoleti\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]